<h2>How do I read a paternity test?</h2>
<p>When the results letter is presented after the paternity test is complete there will be several portions of the letter that may appear written in Latin. With words like loci, inclusion, exclusion, and trio - it takes a bit of education to read the paternity test results letter.</p>
<h2><strong>Loci</strong>&nbsp;</h2>
<p>Loci are the points of DNA testing that are matches between the father and the child. No matter how the sample of DNA is extracted, whether by cheek swab, blood, or amniotic fluid, the same final test will be run matching these loci.</p>
<h2><strong>Inclusion</strong>&nbsp;</h2>
<p>The word inclusion refers to the positive percentage of the paternity test. If the test comes back 99.99% inclusion that means there is relatively no chance any other man is the father of the child. If fewer than 16 loci are used during the matching procedure, the inclusion percentage could be lower. This means the test needs to be redone with more loci being matched for a final inclusion rate. In a court of law, a test result below 99.99% is considered inconclusive.</p>
<p><a href="/prenatal-paternity-test-during-pregnancy-and-testing-for-dna" target="_self"><em><strong>Find out and paternity&nbsp;testing during pregnancy!</strong></em></a></p>
<h2><strong>Exclusion </strong></h2>
<p>The opposite of inclusion is exclusion. Exclusion refers to the paternity test that comes back negative. There will be no inclusion percentage; rather the father named will be excluded from being the father. If the father is excluded, a retest may help if fewer than 16 loci are used in the matching, but the results are more than likely correct.</p>
<h2><strong>Trio</strong>&nbsp;</h2>
<p>The word trio on the paternity test refers to the mother, named father, and the baby. The trio all need to be tested to provide the paternity test results.</p>

<p>Paternity testing can determine whether or not a particular man is the biological father of a child. To do this test, <span>a small sample of bodily fluid, blood or tissue from a child or the pregnant mother and the potential father are collected and examined for DNA.&nbsp;</span>DNA&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 14.4px;">stands for "deoxyribonucleic acid" which is material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 14.4px;">carriers of genetic information that are</span><span style="font-size: 14.4px;">&nbsp;found in the nucleus of most living cells. DNA paternity testing can be done&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 0.9em;">either during pregnancy through non-invasive tests from the mother's blood, or it can be done during pregnancy through invasive tests like chorionic villi sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis. Both invasive tests carry small risks to the fetus, while non-invasive maternbal blood testing does not carry risks to the fetus. After delivery of the baby, paternity testing can be done from DNA obtained from the baby's blood othjer otther samples like scarpiongs from the baby's mouth.</span></p>
<p>In the past,&nbsp;DNA-based paternity tests were only available after delivery from DNA collected from the baby and the alleged father.&nbsp;It is now possible to do paternity testing during pregnancy and prior to birth with a simple non-invasive blood test from the mother and a DNA test from the father. This new test was reported in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Citation/2014/08000/Single_Nucleotide_Polymorphism_Based_Noninvasive.3.aspx" target="_blank">Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology.&nbsp;</a>Fetal DNA testing from the mother's blood is p[ossible as early as 8 weeks in pregnancy without risk to the baby, because only blood is collected from the mother without the need of an invasive test. The test is done because cells from the fetus float freely in the bloodstream of the pregnant mother as early as 8 weeks of the pregnancy. Testing companies&nbsp; can develop a DNA profile of the fetal cells and compare the profile to the DNA profile of the presumed father. A conclusive paternity test report can be delivered in as little as 3 business days after both DNA samples have been received.</p>

Paternity Test

Reading and interpreting the results of a paternity test is not always easy.

How Do You Read and Interpret a Paternity Test?

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